CHAPTER 7 - STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - Databases

 CHAPTER 7

Storing Organizational Information - Databases

 Relational Database Fundamentals

Database - Maintains information about various types of objects ( intentory ), events ( transactions ), people ( employees ), and places ( ware-houses ).

Hierarchical database model - Information using parent/child relationships in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships.

Network database model - Is a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.

Relational database model - Stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.


Entities and Attributes

• Entity - A person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored.

                     1) The rows in each table contain the attributes.

• Attributes (fields, columns) - Characteristics or properties of an entity class.

                        1)  The columns in each table contain the attributes.


keys and Relationships

• Primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database.

           - Primary key - a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table
           - Foreign key - a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and                                                  acts to    provide a logical relationship among the two tables.


Relational database Advantages

• Database advantages from a business perspective include : 

              - Increase flexibility
              - Increase scalability and performance
              - Reduced information redundancy
              - Increase information integrity (quality)
              - Increase information security

•  Increase Flexibility

- A well-designed database should:
        - Handle changes quickly and easily
        - Provide user with different views
        - Have only one physical view

•  Physical view - deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device.

        - have multiple logical views

• Logical view - focuses on how users logically access information.       

• Increase Scalability and Performance

A database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
     
         - Scalability - refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands.
         - Performance - measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction

•  Reduced Information Redundancy 

1. Database reduce information redundancy

         - Redundancy - the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple          places.

- Inconsistency is one of the primary problems with redundant information.

• Increase Information Integrity ( Quality )

    - Information integrity - measures the quality of information
    - Integrity constraint - rules that help ensure the quality of information
                  ^ Relational integrity constraint
                  ^ Business - critical integrity constraint

• Increase Information security

 -Information is an organizational asset and must be protected
 - Database offer several security features including:

•   Password - provides authentication of the user
• Access level - determines who has access to the different types of information
• Access Control _ determines types of user access, such as read-only access.

Database Management Systems

• Database management systems (DBMS) - software through which users and application programs interact with a database.

 
 
    

•  Data-driven Web sites- an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database. 

 
 





 

Data-Driven Web Site Business Advantages

• Development
• content Management
• F uture Expandability
• Minimizing Human Error
• Cutting Production and Updata Costs
• More Efficient
• Improved Stability

Data-Driven Business Intelligence
      - BI in a data-driven Web site


Integrating Information among Multiple Database

• Integration - allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other

1. Forward integration - takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes. 
2. Backward integration - takes information entered into a given systems and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes.

 

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